3/11/2024 0 Comments Sociolinguistics pdf![]() Each is associated with a distinctive set of social, psychological, and linguistic characteristics, such as the social class distribution, whether speakers are consciously aware of the innovation, and the domains of language structure that are affected. This paper attempts to summarize and critique some major proposals concerning change types, and provide a systematic synthesis that identifies three basic types: spontaneous change, borrowing, and imposition. Recent works by Thomason & Kaufman (1988) and Van Coetsem (1988) suggest a further important distinction between contact-induced changes that arise through borrowing and those that arise from the imposition of native language habits on a second language. A basic criterion for many such distinctions is whether or not language contact is involved in the genesis of a change. Examples are the Neogrammarian distinction between regular sound change and borrowing, and Labov’s contrast between ‘change from above’ and ‘change from below’. ![]() Many studies of linguistic change have drawn distinctions between contrasting types of change.
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